Atrial fibrillation

It consists of an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by uncoordinated episodes of atrial electrical activity (fibrillation), which causes a rapid and irregular heartbeat. It is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia with a prevalence of 0.5% in the population. If untreated, it can cause dizziness, chest pain, or fainting, as well as increase the risk of stroke and sudden death.

There is no specific cause described for atrial fibrillation. In most cases, it is associated with structural heart abnormalities such as congenital heart defects, valvular diseases, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathies, as well as surgical or heart attack history. However, sometimes it is not associated with any underlying heart pathology. In this regard, the following factors, in addition to possible genetic contribution, may be related to an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation:

• Advanced age. The older the person, the greater the risk.
• High blood pressure, especially if uncontrolled.
• Obesity.
• Hyperthyroidism and other chronic conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, lung disease, or sleep apnea.
• Psychological or physical stress induced by surgery, pneumonia, viral infections, or other illnesses.
• Excessive alcohol consumption, especially in binge drinking, and the use of stimulants, including certain medications, amphetamine, caffeine, or tobacco.
• Population with European ancestry presents an increased risk of atrial fibrillation.

The symptomatology associated with atrial fibrillation is highly variable. Some patients do not present any symptoms while others may experience some of the following:

• Sensation of rapid heartbeats, fluttering, or strong palpitations.
• Pain, pressure, or discomfort in the chest.
• Dizziness, lightheadedness.
• Fatigue, excessive tiredness, or weakness.
• Shortness of breath, reduced ability to exercise.

Following a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent or treat conditions such as high blood pressure and heart disease. These changes generally include:

• Following a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limiting the intake of salt and fats.
• Exercising regularly every day and increasing physical activity.
• Quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, and restricting caffeine intake from products like tea, coffee, energy drinks, or cola sodas.
• Keeping blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels under control.
• Achieving or maintaining a healthy weight. Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease.