Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

It is one of the most common respiratory diseases, caused by chronic lung inflammation that obstructs airflow. Additionally, it is associated with an increased risk of developing other diseases (respiratory infections, lung cancer, etc.). It has a global prevalence of 13%, and although it is progressive, proper management maintains quality of life and reduces the risks of other pathologies.

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common conditions that contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Emphysema involves the destruction of the bronchioles, the respiratory structure that allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as a result of harmful exposure to tobacco smoke and other gases and irritating particles. Chronic bronchitis results from inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes.

The main cause of COPD in developed countries is smoking, although other irritants can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including secondhand smoke, environmental pollution, and workplace exposure to dust, smoke, or toxic gases. In developing countries, it is primarily associated with exposure to fumes from burning fuels for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated homes.

COPD often appears between the ages of 40-50, but it has a slow evolution and progressive worsening. Symptoms usually do not appear until significant lung damage has occurred and tend to worsen over time, especially if tobacco exposure continues. Over time, it can limit a person's ability to perform daily activities, and in severe cases, it can prevent them from performing even the most basic tasks. The most common symptoms include:

• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity.
• Wheezing in the chest.
• Sensation of chest tightness.
• Chronic cough that may produce mucus.
• Frequent respiratory infections.
• Lack of energy.
• Unintentional weight loss.

The best method of prevention is to reduce risk factors. These are the same factors that can trigger, worsen the disease when it is already established, or exacerbate its symptoms.

• Quitting smoking is the most important measure that can be taken. It is also important to avoid secondhand smoke.
• Engage in regular physical exercise as much as possible.
• Maintain a balanced diet and a healthy weight. Avoid heavy meals, especially dinner, alcoholic beverages, and limit carbonated drinks.
• Avoid very cold environments.
• Reduce indoor air pollution by eliminating chimney smoke and other irritants.
• Get vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcus to reduce the risk or prevent these common respiratory infections.