Diabetes mellitus type 1

It is characterized by poor insulin production due to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells in 90% of cases. Sustained hyperglycemia over time leads to complications that limit quality of life. The prevalence is estimated to be around 10%, occurring preferably at an early age, although it can occur at any age.

Type 1 diabetes is triggered with equal incidence in both men and women, preferably in children or young adults under 20 years of age, as a consequence of the immune system's destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. The exact cause of this autoimmune destruction is unknown, but it has been suggested that in addition to genetic contribution, environmental factors such as viruses or certain climates could trigger the disease. However, in 10% of cases, no autoantibodies against these cells have been detected.

Pancreatic injuries such as infections, tumors, surgeries, traumas, or accidents that also trigger physical stress can also contribute to the development of this endocrine condition.

Additionally, a higher risk for developing this condition has been identified in individuals of Caucasian ethnicity.

The signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes can be subtle and appear relatively suddenly:

• Increased thirst and extreme hunger.
• Frequent urination or incontinence at an early age.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Discomfort and vomiting.
• Irritability and other mood changes.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Blurred vision.
• Recurrent skin and urinary tract infections.

However, they can become severe, including signs indicating an emergency that may require early medical intervention, such as shaking and confusion, rapid breathing, fruity-smelling breath (ketoacidosis), or loss of consciousness.

There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes, although education about diabetes is a very important part of its management, especially considering the development of complications in many organs due to long-term hyperglycemia. Such is the case with retinopathy affecting the ocular retina, nephropathy due to kidney damage, neuropathy affecting the central nervous system, or vasculopathies leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular accidents, arteriosclerosis, or early heart disease.

Proper management at the onset requires educational planning, continuous support, and motivation. Available evidence shows a beneficial effect of educating both the child or adolescent, as well as their families, about blood glucose control not only in relation to insulin administration-based treatment, but also in the context of diet, physical exercise, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle (avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and other substances of abuse). Good metabolic control is crucial to preventing complications both in the short and long term.