Haemorrhoidal disease

Hemorrhoids or piles are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins, that can develop internally or externally. They usually cause pain and/or bleeding, and their prevalence is highly variable depending on age, ranging from 5% to 36%.

Hemorrhoids are physiological structures made up of arteriovenous vascular plexuses that form a cushion along the anal canal. When pressure increases in these areas, these hemorrhoids swell, causing hemorrhoidal disease. The factors that can favor their development include:

• Age, as tissues can weaken over the years.
• Straining during bowel movements.
• Sitting for long periods on the toilet.
• Chronic diarrhea or constipation, for example, in the case of irritable bowel syndrome.
• Obesity.
• Pregnancy.
• Low-fiber diet.
• Performing physical exertion regularly.

The symptoms of hemorrhoids can vary depending on the type.

• External hemorrhoids: located in the anus, they can cause swelling in this area, itching, pain, and/or bright red bleeding.
• Internal hemorrhoids: located inside the rectum, they are usually asymptomatic. If discomfort occurs, it includes pain and/or bright red bleeding.
• Thrombosed hemorrhoids: occasionally, blood can accumulate inside the vessel (thrombus) and cause severe pain, inflammation, and the presence of a hard lump near the anus.

The most effective way to prevent the development of hemorrhoidal disease is to maintain a soft consistency of the stools. To achieve this, it is advisable to eat foods rich in fiber such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, drink plenty of fluids, or consider adding fiber supplements.

Additionally, avoiding an increase in pressure in the anal and rectal area can also prevent its development. In line with this, it is advised not to strain during bowel movements and not to sit on the toilet for long periods.

Furthermore, regular exercise prevents constipation and overweight.