Urolithiasis

Urolithiasis is the accumulation of stones or "calculi" in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, and bladder) that are formed by the crystallization of minerals or acidic salts. It can present with pain and cause obstruction, bleeding, or infection. It is a common condition, affecting about 1 in 10 people.

Kidney stones usually form in concentrated urine or due to excess substances that can promote their appearance, such as calcium, oxalate, or uric acid, but the predisposing factors can be multiple. Among them, the following are included:

• It is more common in men than in women.
• Family or personal history. Having an affected family member or having had a previous episode can increase the risk.
• Low water intake. Not drinking enough water or living in hot and dry climates that increase sweating can lead to more concentrated urine and a higher risk.
• Consumption of foods rich in protein, salt, and sugar.
• Obesity.
• Digestive diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease or chronic diarrhea, can affect water absorption, increasing the risk.
• Consumption of certain supplements and medications, such as vitamin C, laxatives, or certain medications used to treat depression and migraine.

It is most common for the presence of kidney stones to be associated with colicky pain that occurs when the stone obstructs the normal flow of urine. It is a sharp pain located in the lower back but can radiate to the groin and, in the case of men, even affect the testicle on the same side. Other signs and symptoms that may appear include the presence of blood in the urine.

Sometimes the pain is mild or even painless, depending on the type, size, shape, and location of the stone.

The presence of stones in the urinary tract is one of the most common urological conditions. Prevention involves avoiding risk factors, with recommendations such as the following:

• Drink plenty of water throughout the day and reduce salt intake.
• Moderate consumption of animal protein.
• Avoid foods high in oxalate, especially for individuals prone to accumulating this compound. These foods include coffee, cocoa, spinach, strawberries, tea, nuts, and wheat, among others.
• Taking medications that may be useful for those prone to developing stones, which can vary depending on their composition, so it is important to consult a doctor.