Gamma-glutamyl transferase levels

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels are an important clinical marker for assessing liver health and risk of metabolic disease. Factors such as genetics, alcohol consumption, certain medications, obesity, and metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes can influence GGT levels. Understanding these factors is essential for accurate assessment and proper management of GGT-related health conditions.

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in glutathione metabolism and in the transfer of amino acids across cell membranes. This enzyme is found in several organs of the body, but is especially abundant in the liver. Measurement of GGT levels in the blood is an important tool in clinical medicine to assess liver health and biliary function. Elevated serum GGT levels may indicate liver damage, biliary obstruction, excessive alcohol consumption, and chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatitis.

GGT levels can be influenced by a variety of factors, both exogenous and endogenous. Among the exogenous factors, alcohol consumption is one of the most significant. Alcohol abuse can increase GGT levels considerably, sometimes even before other markers of liver damage are altered. In addition, certain medications, such as anticonvulsants and antidepressants, can elevate GGT levels due to their effect on hepatic enzyme induction.

Among endogenous factors, obesity and metabolic syndrome are frequently associated with elevated GGT levels. These states are linked to increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which can stimulate GGT production. In addition, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are conditions that can also elevate GGT levels due to associated liver damage.

Number of observed variants

13.5 million variants

Number of risk loci

556 loci

Genes analyzed

MITF MLIP MLXIPL MMP15 MRC1 MRPL28 MTHFR MTSS1 MYCT1 MYH10 MYLK MYO1B MYO9A MYZAP N6AMT1 NAP1L5 NARS1 NARS2 NAT2 NAT9 NCOR2 NEDD4L NFE2L3 NFIB NOC3L NR1H4 NR1I2 NR2F2 NR3C1 NR5A2 NRBF2 NT5C NUAK1 NUDT4 NUP43 OBP2B OMG ONECUT2 OR4C45 OR5AS1 OTX1 P3H4 PAH PALM3 PALMD PARD3 PCCB PCNX3 PDE3A PDLIM3 PDX1 PIK3AP1 PIK3R1 PINX1 PKD1 PKN2 PKN3 PLD6 PLLP PMFBP1 POGLUT2 POLR2A PPARG PPP1R15A PPP1R21 PPP1R3B PRKAB1 PRMT6 PROSER2 PROX1 PSRC1 PTBP1 PTPN3 PTTG1IP PXMP4 QKI RAI1 RASSF5 RBL2 RBMS3 RBPMS REEP3 REPS1 RFLNA RHO RHPN2 RIMKLA RNF14 RNF146 RNF223 ROCK2 ROM1 RORC RP1 RPGRIP1L RPL21 RPL23 RPL31 RPL9 RSBN1L RSPO3 S1PR2 SALL1 SBNO1 SCAMP1 SCGB1A1 SCNN1A SDC1 SEC16B SEMA6D SENP7 SEPTIN9 SERPINA1 SERPINA2 SERTAD2 SETBP1 SETD6 SH3PXD2B SIGLEC1 SIPA1L2 SKI SLC22A1 SLC22A3 SLC2A2 SLC2A4RG SLC39A8 SLC49A4 SLC50A1 SLC9A4 SLCO1B1 SLCO1B3-SLCO1B7 SMAD3 SMC4 SMNDC1 SMYD2 SNORC SORBS1 SOWAHB SOX4 SOX5 SOX9 SPACA3 SPATA20 SPPL2A SPRY2 SPX SRP14 SSR1 SSTR5 ST3GAL4 STK24 STK25 STRBP SYNJ2 TAL1 TBL2 TBX3 TCEA3 TCF7L2 TCFL5 TENM2 TENM4 TEX35 TFEB TGFA THADA THBS1 TJP3 TM4SF1 TM4SF4 TM9SF3 TMBIM1 TMEM129 TMEM147 TMEM160 TMEM171 TMEM200C TMPRSS11E TMPRSS2 TNFAIP2 TNFSF10 TNFSF14 TOMM20 TOP1 TP53BP2 TP53INP1 TRIB1 TRIL TRIM8 TRIP10 TRPM7 TSEN15 TSEN2 TSSK1B TTC12 TTC34 TTPAL TUBD1 TUFT1 TULP4 TWNK UBASH3B UBE2L5 UBE4A UBXN2B UGT1A3 UGT2B15 UGT2B17 UGT2B7 UMPS UNC5CL USP3 USP44 VEGFA VMO1 WDFY2 WDR87 YES1 ZC3H11B ZDHHC16 ZEB1 ZFHX3 ZFPM1 ZMIZ2 ZNF266 ZNF281 ZNF644 ZNF652 ZNF75A ZNF76 ZNF768 ZNF827 A1CF A3GALT2 ABCA9 ABCB11 ABCC2 ABO ACE ACP1 ACTG1 ACTRT2 ACVR1C ADAM30 ADAM33 ADAMTS1 ADGRL2 AFDN AGBL3 AKAP13 AKR1C4 ALPK2 AMN ANGPTL6 ANK3 ANKRD46 ANKRD55 ANXA3 ANXA9 ARAP2 ARF6 ARHGAP10 ARHGEF15 ARHGEF26 ARL15 ASAP3 ATF1 ATP8B1 AUH B4GALNT3 BASP1 BCL2 BCL2L11 BCO1 BEND3 BHLHE40 BHLHE41 BHMT BICC1 BICRA BMP2 BPTF BRD3OS BZW1 C10orf105 C13orf46 C16orf90 C1QTNF4 C1R C4orf19 CABP1 CACNA2D2 CAMK2G CAPZA2 CASKIN2 CAVIN1 CBLB CCDC12 CCDC8 CCDC97 CCER2 CCND1 CCNL1 CCT2 CCT8 CD22 CD248 CD276 CDC6 CDH1 CDH6 CDK18 CDK6 CEBPG CEP112 CFL2 CILP2 CITED2 CLDN22 CLDN23 CNKSR3 CNOT4 CNTF COL4A1 COL4A2 COLEC11 COQ8A CORO1C CREB3L3 CREB5 CSNK1G3 CSRNP1 CTNND1 CTSO CUX2 CYP26A1 CYP2W1 CYP7A1 CYREN CYTL1 DBX1 DCAF4 DDRGK1 DDX4 DDX60L DENND1B DGKI DHDDS DHRS9 DHX38 DKK3 DLAT DLG5 DMRTA2 DMTN DNAH17 DNMT3B DOK7 DPAGT1 DPF1 DPH5 DPM3 DRAM2 DSCAM DTNBP1 DYNLRB2 EBF1 EDNRB EFHD1 EFNA5 EHF EML4 EMP2 ENAH EPB41L4B EPB41L5 EPHA1 EPHA2 EPM2AIP1 ERMP1 ETV6 EVA1A EVA1C EXOC3L4 EYA1 EYA2 EZR F2RL1 FAM221B FAM227B FAM53B FCGRT FCHO1 FCRLA FFAR4 FGF1 FGFR2 FLACC1 FLOT2 FLRT3 FN1 FNDC9 FOSL2 FOXN3 FPR3 FUT6 GADD45G GALNT16 GALNT3 GALNT4 GALNT6 GATA6 GCK GCKR GDPGP1 GFRA4 GLI2 GLIS3 GPN2 GPR39 GRB14 GSDMB GTF2H2C HAX1 HEATR5B HERPUD2 HFE HGFAC HHIP HIC1 HMGA1 HNF1A HNF1B HNF4A HNF4G HNRNPA1L3 HPDL HPN HSD17B4 HSPA4 HSPA6 ICE2 IFNGR2 IGIP IL12RB1 ILRUN ING1 INO80C IPPK IQGAP2 IRF2BPL IRF8 IRS1 ITGA1 ITGA2 ITGB3BP ITIH3 ITPR1 JAG1 JAZF1 KCNQ1 KCNU1 KDM1A KLF14 KLF15 KLHDC1 KLHL8 KLLN KRAS KRT78 L3MBTL3 LAG3 LGALS8 LIN7A LINGO4 LIPC LITAF LONRF1 LPP LRCOL1 LRRC32 LRRC43 LYL1 MAFB MAFK MAL2 MAMSTR MAP1A MAP3K1 MAP3K7 MARCHF7 MARCHF8 MARK3 MAT2A MCFD2 MCL1 MED13 MEPE

Bibliography

Barton A.R., Sherman M.A., et al. Whole-exome imputation within UK Biobank powers rare coding variant association and fine-mapping analyses. Nature Genetics, 05 Jul 2021, 53(8):1260-1269.

van Beek J.H.D.A., de Moor M.H.M., et al. The Genetic Architecture of Liver Enzyme Levels: GGT, ALT and AST. Behav Genet. 2013 Jul; 43(4): 329-339.

Gamma glutamyl transferase levels

Bibliography

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